| 1865 | The Black Codes laws were approved by southern states(1865-1866) | After the civil war, these laws intended to restrict the autonomy of African Americans in order to force them to work in a labor economy. |
| 1857 | Dred Scott vs. Sandford | This landmark decision from the Supreme Court ruled that African Americans were not permitted to be United States citizens. With this conclusion, African Americans had no standing to sue in federal courts. |
| 1875 | Booker T. Washington graduated | Booker T. Washington, a slave from Virginia, graduated with honors from the Hampton Institute, a black vocational school. He went on to make a difference in the lives of many black people. |
| 1877 | Jim Crow Laws were legislated | In order to gain electoral support from the southern states, the government withdrew the last federal troops from the South. The conservative, white Democrats legislated Jim Crow Laws, separate the white and black races. |
| 1890 | Lynchings | Over the course of the 1900s, at least 1,132 blacks were burned alive or lynched in the United States for violating Jim Crow Laws and for being black. |
| 1890 | Louisiana law required separate accommodations on railroads | Before 1890, colored people could still share the same spaces as white people, even though blacks could not. This law distinguished between white, black, and colored (of European and African descent) people and positioned the colored people separate from the whites as well. |
| 1896 | Plessy vs. Ferguson gave higher judicial support to segregation | Plessy refused to sit in the train car for colored people and was arrested instantly. The Citizens Committee of New Orleans fought the case to the Supreme Court and lost. The Supreme Court governed separate but equal facilities to be constitutional. This ruling underwrote fifty-eight additional years of legalized discrimination. |
| 1924 | Fisk University Protests began | W.E.B. DuBois gave a speech and urged the Fisk President to change his views. This started a protest led by black male students and resulted in riots. |
| 1948 | Executive Order 9981 desegregated the armed services | As the Civil Rights Movement used the federal courts to attack Jim Crow statutes, Harry S. Truman ordered that the United States Army be desegregated. |
| 1948 | President Truman took action | Harry S. Truman pressed congress to end the poll tax, enforce fair voting processes, and end Jim Crow Laws. As a result, he lost four southern states from his Democratic party in objection. |
| 1950 | The NAACP challenged Separate but Equal | While there was no large ruling in favor of the NAACP's request, Delaware's Supreme Court ruled that a district had to admit black students to white schools until adequate facilities could be provided for them. |
| 1954 | Brown Cs | Board of Education of Topeka overturned the verdict of Plessy vs. Ferguson. This pivotal conclusion unanimously overturned the Plessy ruling, ordering legally mandated public school segregation as unconstitutional. However, it did not end segregation immediately. |
| 1955 | Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man. | This act was considered civilly disobedient and led to a series of legislative decisions contributing to the growth of the Civil rights movement. |
| 1964 | The Civil Rights Act helped to end legally mandated segregation | This court ruling helped to enforce the 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education ruling and end segregation that was legally enforced. De facto, or residentially created, segregation, however, did not end and remains in many regions. |
| 1971 | Swann vs. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education | The busing of students was desegregated in order to achieve integration in public schools.After many legal suits, sit-ins, and boycotts, The Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968 came together to end the legal sanctions of the Jim Crow Laws. While the laws put an end to the legal segregation of African-Americans, there are still many racial prejudices against people of color today. |
